1-    What is an Adverb

An adverb is a word that adds something to the meaning of verb, adjective and another adverb. They tell us how, when, why, where, which way or to what extent an action was performed. Typically, they are formed by adding ‘ly’ to an adjective but variations also exist.

(1)           She does everything wisely.

(2)           Tom got late from college today.

TYPES OF ADVERBS

1.1-    Adverb of Time (when)

It indicates when or how long an action occurred.

(1)           Trump is the president of the United States now.

(2)           I will remember your kindness forever.

[now, then, tomorrow, yesterday, today, soon, lately, recently, still, yet, before, after, later, early, since, all day, for hours, always, frequently, often, sometimes, never, annually]

1.2-    Adverb of Place (Where)

It indicates where an action occurred.

(1)           My friend is waiting for me outside.

(2)           We will reach there on time.

[here, there, everywhere, nowhere, outside, inside, away, upstairs, downstairs, and nearby]

1.3-    Adverb of Cause (why)

It shows why an action occurred. Usually but not necessarily, they connect two clauses by linking a cause and its effect.

(1)           It was raining; therefore, they took shelter in a cave.

(2)           Unfortunately, the bad boys failed.

[fortunately, unfortunately, because, since, as, so that, consequently, therefore]

1.4-    Adverb of Manner (How)

It indicates how an action occurred. They usually appear after the verb or the direct object.

(1)           He performed well in the exams.

(2)           They are living happily.

[fast, hard, well, carefully, angrily, quickly, slowly, loudly]

1.5-    Adverb of Frequency (How often)

It describes how often an action occurred.

(1)           They arrange a grand party annually.

(2)           Barking dogs seldom bite.

[Indefinite Adverbs of Frequency: always, usually, often, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, never]

[Definite Adverbs of Frequency: hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, annually]

1.6-    Adverb of Direction (which way)

It tells which way an action occurred.

(1)           The nail went right through the wall.

(2)           The rock rolled down the hill.

[up, down, left, right, forward, backward, in, out, and towards]

1.7-    Adverb of Degree (To what extent)

It describes the intensity of a verb or adverb or extent of an adjective. These adverbs usually appear before the word they modify.

(1)           She almost missed the chance.

(2)           They are quite happy.

(3)           They were smoking very heavily.

[very, extremely, almost, quite, too, completely, fairly, totally, absolutely]

1.8-    Negative Adverb

It is used to express negation or absence. These adverbs show that something was not happening, happening very little or occurs rarely.

(1)           The river was not flowing.

(2)           She could hardly spoke before the judge.

[Strong negatives: not, never]

[Weak negatives: hardly, scarcely, seldom, barely]

[Common examples: rarely, no longer, not anymore]

1.9-    Relative Adverb

These adverbs (when, where, why and which) connect a dependent clause to the main clause and add information to their preceding noun.

(1)           Remember the time when we were together.

(2)           This is the village where you and I grew up.

(3)           Frost was the reason why he was shivering.

1.10-    Interrogative Adverb

These are question words (when, where, why and how) which ask about time, place, reason, manner, degree or quantity.

(1)           When will you come next time?

(2)           Where do these birds live?

(3)           Why do the stars shine?

(4)           How did they win the match? (manner)

(5)           How long will you stay there? (degree)

(6)           How many people participated in the dinner? (quantity)

ADVERBS AS MODIFIERS

Adverbs can pre-modify and post-modify an adjective or another adverb.

1-    MODIFIER OF AN ADJECTIVE

An adverb pre-modifies an adjective when it precedes the adjective it qualifies.

(1)           It is very hot today.

An adverb post-modifies an adjective when it appears after the adjective it qualifies.

(1)           She is not old enough to drive a car.

2-    MODIFIER OF AN ADVERB

An adverb pre-modifies another adverb when it appears before the adverb it qualifies.

(1)           The route is too hard to drive.

(2)           She has performed so well.

An adverb post-modifies another adverb when it appears after the adverb it qualifies.

(1)           He does not speak English fluently enough.